a1f68c37e0
* Add support for NixOS Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * updated files for immutable root fs Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * update ssh key location Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * change initrd host key name Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * add missing -p switch Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * comments about SSH and encrypted bpool Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * backup hardware-configuration.nix file Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * clearer wording for backup Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * global useDHCP flag is deprecated Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * point user to configuration.nix Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * fixes for systemd-autofs; network; typo Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * force command to return 0 Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * fix command to postMount Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * fix mount command Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * escape $i Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * create mountpoints before booting Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * replace postDevice,preMount command Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * disable zfs-mount Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk> * generate machine-id Signed-off-by: Maurice Zhou <jasper@apvc.uk>
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.. highlight:: sh
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Overview
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======================
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This document describes how to install Arch Linux with ZFS as root
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file system.
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Caution
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~~~~~~~
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- This guide wipes entire physical disks. Back up existing data.
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- `GRUB does not and
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will not work on 4Kn drive with legacy (BIOS) booting.
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<http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?46700>`__
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Partition layout
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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GUID partition table (GPT) is used.
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EFI system partition will be referred to as **ESP** in this document.
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+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
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| Name | legacy boot | ESP | Boot pool | swap | root pool | remaining space |
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+======================+======================+=======================+======================+=====================+=======================+=================+
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| File system | | vfat | ZFS | swap | ZFS | |
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+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
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| Size | 1M | 4G, or 1G w/o ISO | 4G | depends on RAM size | | |
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+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
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| Optional encryption | | *Secure Boot* | luks 1 | plain dm-crypt or | ZFS native encryption | |
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| | | | | luks2 | | |
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+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
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| Partition no. | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | |
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+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
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| Mount point | | /boot/efi | /boot | | / | |
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| | | /boot/efis/disk-part1 | | | | |
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+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
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Dataset layout
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| Dataset | canmount | mountpoint | container | notes |
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+===========================+======================+======================+=====================================+===========================================+
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| bpool | off | /boot | contains sys | |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool | off | / | contains sys | |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| bpool/sys | off | none | contains BOOT | |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys | off | none | contains ROOT | sys is encryptionroot |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| bpool/sys/BOOT | off | none | contains boot environments | |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys/ROOT | off | none | contains boot environments | |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys/DATA | off | none | contains placeholder "default" | |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys/DATA/default | off | / | contains user datasets | child datsets inherits mountpoint |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys/DATA/default/ | on | /home (inherited) | no | |
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| home | | | | user datasets, also called "shared |
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| | | | | datasets", "persistent datasets"; also |
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| | | | | include /var/lib, /srv, ... |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| bpool/sys/BOOT/default | noauto | /boot | no | noauto is used to switch BE. because of |
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| | | | | noauto, must use fstab to mount |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys/ROOT/default | noauto | / | no | mounted by initrd zfs hook |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| bpool/sys/BOOT/be1 | noauto | /boot | no | see bpool/sys/BOOT/default |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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| rpool/sys/ROOT/be1 | noauto | / | no | see rpool/sys/ROOT/default |
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+---------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
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Encryption
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~~~~~~~~~~
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- Swap
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Swap is always encrypted. By default, swap is encrypted
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with plain dm-crypt with key generated from ``/dev/urandom``
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at every boot. Swap content does not persist between reboots.
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LUKS2-encrypted persistent swap can be
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enabled after encrypting both boot pool and root pool, see below.
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With persistent swap, hibernation (suspend-to-disk) can be enabled.
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- Root pool
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ZFS native encryption can be optionally enabled for ``rpool/sys``
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and child datasets.
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User should be aware that, ZFS native encryption does not
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encrypt some metadata of the datasets.
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ZFS native encryption also does not change master key when ``zfs change-key`` is invoked.
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Therefore, you should wipe the disk when password is compromised to protect confidentiality.
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See `zfs-load-key.8 <https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/man/8/zfs-load-key.8.html>`__
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and `zfs-change-key.8 <https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/man/8/zfs-change-key.8.html>`__
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for more information regarding ZFS native encryption.
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Encryption is enabled at dataset creation and can not be disabled later.
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Password can be supplied via SSH.
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- Boot pool
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After encrypting root pool, boot pool can also be encrypted with LUKS1.
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This protects initrd from attacks and also protects key material in initrd.
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Password must be interactively entered at boot in GRUB. This disables
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password with SSH.
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- Bootloader
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Bootloader can not be encrypted.
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However, with Secure Boot, bootloader
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can be verified by motherboard firmware to be untempered,
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which should be sufficient for most purposes.
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As enabling Secure Boot is device specific, this is not
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covered in detail.
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Booting with disk failure
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This guide is written with disk failure in mind.
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If disks used in Root on ZFS pool failed, but
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sufficient redundancy for both root pool and boot pool
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still exists, the system will still boot normally.
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Swap partition on the failed disk will fail to mount,
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after an 1m30s timeout.
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This feature is useful for use cases such
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as an unattended remote server.
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Example:
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- System has disks ``n>1``
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- Installed with mirrored setup
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- Mirrored setup can tolerate up to ``n-1`` disk failures
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- Disconnect one or more disks, keep at least
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one disk connected
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- System still boots, but fails to mount swap and
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EFI partition
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